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If you have not run fsck with the -y option from the intramfs prompt, you could try the instructions in this post - which shows the error (on a different version of Ubuntu), 

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You could revert the VM image back to your most recent snapshot, i.e., select the most recent snapshot in the list prior to the “current state” and then hit the restore button at the top (see screenshot).

If the current state of the VM cannot be repaired and boot, then you can run, copy or retrieve the versions of the files from the most recent snapshot that boots, e.g., to otherwise backup or use in a new clone or fresh copy of the VM.   I think it is possible to have a persistent mapping of paths to the Windows side, but I would not bother with that until you have a VM running again.

- R.