The freesurfer distribution is not currently tested on or supported for Ubuntu 24.  There is however a .deb installer file for Ubuntu 22.

https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/pub/dist/freesurfer/8.1.0/freesurfer_ubuntu22-8.1.0_amd64.deb

There are instructions about how to create a generic Ubuntu 22 VM, after which you can run the above installer